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Today holography
is widely used in various fields of science and technology,
but it is art holography, a field combining the efforts
of scientists and artists, which is the most interesting
area of its application close to art. Since a hologram
is, in essence, a full optical replica of a real-life
object, this makes it possible to create excellent copies
of unique museum pieces, original three-dimensional
artistic compositions, holographic ornaments, etc. Thanks
to their broad potentials, art holograms can be used
in advertising various products, for they combine novelty
and a full representation of the articles being advertised.
The development of Soviet art holography is based on
the discovery of Professor Yu.N. Denisyuk and on an
invention of Professor N.I. Kirillov, who has developed
the PE-1 and PE-2 high-resolution transparent layers
for the recording of high-quality reflection holograms,which
are regarded by specialists as the world's best. The
PFG-03 photographic plates using the PE-2 layers are
produced in quantity and widely used in art holography.
Laboratory castings of modified transparent emulsions
of the PE-2 type are also used. Besides silver-halogen
emulsions, the PFG-04 photographic plates using bichromised
gelatine -a phase material making it possible to obtain
bright transparent holograms that can be viewed in diffused
light when the holographic image has a shallow depth
- are also used for recording art holograms.
There
are two organisations in the USSR, the Art Holography
Laboratory of the Platan Scientific and Production Association
(Studio OKO, head V. Vanin) and the Scientific Research
Cine-Photo Institute (NIKFI), dealing with commercial
holography. At the NIKFI, a team headed by I. Feldman
is engaged in the work.
The problems of
art holography are being tackled by a number of organisations
such as, in the first place, the State Optical Institute
in Leningrad. Substantial practical work to record holograms
of museum pieces using the Denisyuk method has been
carried out at the Physics Institute of the Academy
of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR in Kiev.
The NIKFI mostly
produces large-size holograms (up to 1 metre) in small
batches using the Denisyuk scheme or by duplicating
original holograms recorded in accordance with that
scheme.
The
Art Holography Studio (OKO) is engaged in the development
and quantity production of a varied range of holograms
in sizes of up to 280x406 mm, and also articles with
built-in holograms. The holograms are made using a two-step
method, which includes the recording of an original
hologram of the transmission
or reflection type and its subsequent duplication. This
offers a number of advantages as compared with holograms
recorded directly from an object using the single-beam
scheme, namely:
-high
brightness of the reconstructed image;
-capability
to form an orthosco-pic image projecting in front of
the hologram, which enhances the effect of "presence"
of the object;
-increased
(approximately double) sharpness of the reconstructed
image;
-absence
of "parasite" stripes on the surface of the
hologram, which improves the visual quality of the reconstructed
image;
-possibility
to set the optimum lighting of the object when recording
it;
-possibility
to obtain composite images from several intermediate
holograms;
-possibility
to use holograms as part of an interior in combination
with conventional incandescence lamps;
-need
to use the object only in the recording of the original
hologram
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